Judas Maccabaeus, HWV 63 (Handel, George Frideric)

		Movements/Sections 3 acts Composition Year 1746 (Act I: 8/9 July - 22 July; remainder completed 11 August) Genre Categories Sacred oratorios; Oratorios; Religious works; For 7 voices, mixed chorus, orchestra; For voices and chorus with orchestra; Scores featuring the voice; Scores featuring the soprano voice; Scores featuring the mezzo-soprano voice; Scores featuring the alto voice; Scores featuring the tenor voice; Scores featuring the bass voice; Scores featuring mixed chorus; Scores featuring the orchestra; English language; For piano (arr); For 1 player; Scores featuring the piano; For cello, piano (arr); Scores featuring the cello; For 2 players; For female chorus, mixed chorus (arr); Scores featuring female chorus; For unaccompanied chorus; For mixed chorus (arr); For 4 recorders (arr); Scores featuring the recorder; For 4 players; For piano 4 hands (arr); Scores featuring the piano 4 hands; For 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba (arr); Scores featuring the trumpet; Scores featuring the trombone; Scores featuring the tuba; For trumpet, organ (arr); Scores featuring the organ

Performances

• Recordings (1)
• Synthesized/MIDI (1)

Recordings

March (Act III, No.36)

For Trumpet and Organ (Rondeau)

 Complete performance
*#274368 - 1.79MB - 1:57 -  2.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - - !N/!N/!N - 262x⇩

MP3 file (audio)
Michrond (2013/3/22)

Performer Pages:

Michel Rondeau (Trumpet)

Performers:

Aline Letendre (Organ)

Publisher Info.:

Michel Rondeau

Copyright:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Synthesized/MIDI

March (Part III)

For 2 Trumpets, Trombone and Tuba (Székelyhidi)

 MIDI performance
*#216507 - 0.01MB - ? -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - - !N/!N/!N - 282x⇩

MID file (audio/video)
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

Performers:

Vilmos Székelyhidi

Publisher Info.:

Vilmos Székelyhidi

Copyright:

Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Sheet Music

• Full Scores (3)
• Parts (16)
• Vocal Scores (8)
• Arrangements and Transcriptions (19)

Full Scores

Complete

 Complete Score
*#18833 - 55.89MB, 256 pp. -  7.1/10 2 4 6 8 10 (15) - V/V/V - 10651x⇩

PDF scanned by BSB (MDZ)
Ivdruiz (2008/7/14)

Editor:

Friedrich Chrysander (1826-1901)

Publisher Info.:

Georg Friedrich Händels Werke. Band 22.
Leipzig: Deutsche Händelgesellschaft, 1865. Plate H.W. 22.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Selections

 Segment 1
*#273966 - 35.80MB, 146 pp. -  2.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 223x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

 Segment 2
*#273967 - 32.34MB, 131 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 144x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

Language:

Italian

Publisher Info.:

Manuscript, n.d. (between 1750 and 1799)

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

RISM-A/II-000124447
This item forms part of the
Ricasoli Collection at the University of Louisville Music Library.
Contains the following numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20b, 22, 24, 26, 28.
This score consists of a single bound volume. It has been broken down into 2 segments to reduce file size.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Parts

Abridged Version

 Flute 1, 2
*#57017 - 0.39MB, 4 (2, 2) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 1161x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Oboe 1, 2
*#57018 - 2.37MB, 24 (12, 12) pp. -  4.3/10 2 4 6 8 10 (6) - V/V/V - 912x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Bassoon 1/2
*#57019 - 1.29MB, 12 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 592x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Horn 1, 2 (in F, G)
*#57020 - 0.25MB, 4 (2, 2) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 920x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Trumpet 1, 2, 3 (in D)
*#57021 - 0.54MB, 6 (2, 2, 2) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 1461x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Timpani
*#57022 - 0.17MB, 2 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 698x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Violins I
*#57023 - 3.53MB, 35 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 2142x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Violins II
*#57024 - 3.59MB, 36 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 933x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Violas
*#57025 - 2.47MB, 28 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 854x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Cellos/Basses
*#57026 - 3.59MB, 36 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 1167x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

 Organ
*#57027 - 6.82MB, 76 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 1474x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Perlnerd666 (2010/2/22)

Arranger:

Salomon Jadassohn (1831-1902)

Publisher Info.:

Leipzig: C.F. Peters, n.d.(ca.1870).

Reprinted:

New York: Edwin F. Kalmus, n.d.(after 1933).

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These files are part of the Orchestra Parts Project.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Selections

 Sopranos
*#273961 - 5.21MB, 20 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 22x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

 Contraltos
*#273962 - 4.63MB, 19 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 48x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

 Tenors
*#273963 - 3.90MB, 19 pp. -  8.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 11x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

 Basses
*#273964 - 4.75MB, 19 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 13x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

 Cellos
*#273965 - 6.35MB, 23 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 10x⇩

PDF scanned by U.Louisville Mus.Lib.
JP3 (2013/3/20)

Language:

Italian

Publisher Info.:

Manuscript parts, n.d. (between 1750 and 1799)

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

RISM-A/II-000124447
This item forms part of the
Ricasoli Collection at the University of Louisville Music Library.
These manuscript parts contain the following numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20b, 22, 24, 26, 28.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Vocal Scores

Complete Oratorio

 Complete Score
*#127569 - 15.47MB, 237 pp. -  2.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 3455x⇩

PDF scanned by Russ. St. Lib.
Bassani (2011/9/21)

Language:

German / English

Publisher Info.:

Braunschweig: Henry Litolff, n.d. Plate 1706

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

 Complete Score
*#143224 - 7.96MB, 152 (iii, #3-151) pp. -  2.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 1351x⇩

PDF scanned by Sibley Library
Massenetique (2011/10/31)

Arranger:

Friedrich Chrysander (1826-1901), piano reduction

Language:

German

Publisher Info.:

Georg Friedrich Händels Werke. Band 22.
Leipzig: Deutsche Händelgesellschaft, 1865. Plate H.W. 22.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

 Complete Score
*#99958 - 18.03MB, 187 (iv, #1-183) pp. -  2.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 1437x⇩

PDF scanned by University of Toronto
Massenetique (2011/4/25)

Arranger:

Charles Lamoureux (1834-1899), piano reduction

Language:

French

Translator:

Victor Wilder (1835-1892), French text

Publisher Info.:

Paris: Heugel, n.d.(1874). Plate H. 4470.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Abridged Version

 Complete Score
*#39856 - 7.90MB, 201 pp. -  3.8/10 2 4 6 8 10 (4) - V/V/V - 3817x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
operalala (2009/9/22)

Arranger:

Frank V. Van der Stucken (1858-1929)

Language:

English

Publisher Info.:

New York: G. Schirmer, 1909. Plate 20750.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Selections

 Aria: Arm, arm ye brave! (Part I)
*#147686 - 0.35MB, 7 (#153-159) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 904x⇩

PDF scanned by Google / Harvard
Massenetique (2011/11/7)

 Aria: From mighty kings (Part II)
*#146334 - 0.45MB, 8 (#142-149) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 306x⇩

PDF scanned by Sibley Library
Massenetique (2011/11/4)

 Aria: Father of heaven (Part III)
*#147687 - 0.36MB, 6 (#160-165) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 413x⇩

PDF scanned by Google / Harvard
Massenetique (2011/11/7)

 Aria: Sound an alarm! (Part III)
*#146335 - 0.39MB, 6 (#150-155) pp. -  10.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 557x⇩

PDF scanned by Sibley Library
Massenetique (2011/11/4)

Editor:

Ebenezer Prout (1835-1909)

Publisher Info.:

Songs and Airs by George Frideric Handel, Vols. I (high voice), II (low voice)
Boston: Oliver Ditson Company, 1905. ML-1106-8, Plates ML-1148-7.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

This file is part of the Sibley Mirroring Project.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Arrangements and Transcriptions

Selections

For Piano solo (Rimbault)

 Airs and Choruses
*#249419 - 6.92MB, 31 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 501x⇩

PDF scanned by Unknown
Timtin (2012/9/5)

Arranger:

Edward Francis Rimbault (1816-1876)

Publisher Info.:

London: D'Almaine and Co., n.d.(ca.1850). Plate 13,405.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Duet: "Come, ever-smiling liberty" (Part I)

For Cello and Piano (Roth)

 Piano score
*#65860 - 0.69MB, 4 pp. -  4.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (2) - V/V/V - 1362x⇩

PDF scanned by Sibley Library
Generoso (2010/6/1)

 Cello part
*#65861 - 0.22MB, 1 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 647x⇩

PDF scanned by Sibley Library
Generoso (2010/6/1)

Arranger:

Philipp Roth (1853-1898)

Publisher Info.:

Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, n.d.(ca.1895). Plate V.A. 1562.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

This file is part of the Sibley Mirroring Project.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Chorus: "See, the conqu'ring hero comes!" (Part III)

For Female Chorus and Mixed Chorus

 Complete Score
*#159557 - 0.37MB, 3 (tp, #13-14) pp. -  3.3/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - V/V/V - 948x⇩

PDF scanned by Ralph Theo Misch
RTM (2011/12/2)

Editor:

Hermann Kleemeyer (1859-1941)

Publisher Info.:

Unsere Lieder. I. Teil.
Eine Sammlung geistlicher Gesänge für gemischten Chor
Klein Ilsede: Niedersächsischer Kirchenchor-Verband, n.d.(ca.1910).

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

Scanned at 600dpi grayscale, converted to monochrome, not cleaned.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

For Mixed Chorus (Taupin)

 Complete Score
*#121475 - 0.06MB, 4 pp. -  8.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - !N/!N/!N - 1154x⇩

PDF typeset by Daniel Taupin
Coulonnus (2011/9/10)

 Engraving files (MusiXTeX)
*#176984 - 0.00MB, ? pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 130x⇩

ZIP typeset by Daniel Taupin
Coulonnus (2012/2/9)

Editor:

Daniel Taupin

Publisher Info.:

Daniel Taupin

Copyright:

Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.
For a cappella chorus with Latin text.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

For Mixed Chorus

 Complete Score
*#156650 - 0.15MB, 2 pp. -  4.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 828x⇩

PDF scanned by Ralph Theo Misch
RTM (2011/11/25)

Editor:

Ludwig Erk (1807-1883)
Friedrich Erk (1809-1878)
Wilhelm Greef (1809-1875)

Language:

German

Translator:

Johann Joachim Eichenburg*

Publisher Info.:

Chorbuch des "Sängerhain". Zweiter Band. Ausgabe B.
Essen: G. D. Baedeker, n.d.[1899].

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

*Tochter Zion, freue dich. This sacred contrafacture (parody) is also attributed to Friedrich Heinrich Ranke (1798-1876).
Scanned at 600dpi grayscale, converted to monochrome, not cleaned.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

For 4 Recorders (Gomez)

 Complete score
*#188556 - 0.08MB, 2 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 462x⇩

PDF typeset by Alberto Gomez Gomez
Marc Lanoiselée (2012/3/15)

 Engraving files (Finale)
*#188557 - 0.09MB, ? pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 120x⇩

ZIP typeset by Alberto Gomez Gomez
Marc Lanoiselée (2012/3/15)

Arranger:

Alberto Gomez Gomez

Publisher Info.:

Alberto Gomez Gomez

Copyright:

Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

For Piano 4 hands (Moszkowski)

 Complete Score
*#98708 - 0.53MB, 2 (#176-177) pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - V/V/V - 747x⇩

PDF scanned by Olmsted
Olmsted (2011/4/9)

Arranger:

Moritz Moszkowski (1854–1925)

Publisher Info.:

The Etude Magazine, March 1922.
Philadelphia: Theodore Presser Co.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

“As transcribed by Moszkowski this fine old chorus gains additional eloquence and sonority, without violence to the original.”

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

For Piano solo (Moszkowski)

 Complete Score
*#98700 - 0.33MB, 2 (#370-371) pp. -  2.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 1723x⇩

PDF scanned by Olmsted
Olmsted (2011/4/8)

Arranger:

Moritz Moszkowski (1854–1925)

Publisher Info.:

The Etude Magazine, June 1919.
Philadelphia: Theodore Presser Co.

Copyright:

Public Domain [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

“This splendid old chorus See the Conquering Hero Comes from Handel’s well-known oratorio.[sic] M. Moszkowski has made a sonorous and effective piano piece of this number. Grade 4.”

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

March (Act III, No.36)

For 2 Trumpets, Trombone and Tuba (Székelyhidi)

 Complete score
*#216501 - 0.05MB, 3 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 554x⇩

PDF typeset by Vilmos Székelyhidi
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

 Trumpet (C) 1
*#216502 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 137x⇩

PDF typeset by Vilmos Székelyhidi
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

 Trumpet (C) 2
*#216503 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 77x⇩

PDF typeset by Vilmos Székelyhidi
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

 Trombone 1
*#216504 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 87x⇩

PDF typeset by Vilmos Székelyhidi
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

 Tuba
*#216505 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 91x⇩

PDF typeset by Vilmos Székelyhidi
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

 Engraving files (Finale)
*#216506 - 0.04MB, ? pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 102x⇩

ZIP typeset by Vilmos Székelyhidi
wrshannon (2012/5/7)

Arranger:

Vilmos Székelyhidi

Publisher Info.:

Vilmos Székelyhidi

Copyright:

Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

For Trumpet and Organ (Rondeau)

 Complete Score and Part
*#275137 - 0.15MB, 9 pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 129x⇩

PDF typeset by Michel Rondeau
Michrond (2013/3/29)

 Engraving files (Finale & XML)
*#275138 - 0.23MB, ? pp. -  0.0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 25x⇩

ZIP typeset by Michel Rondeau
Michrond (2013/3/29)

Arranger:

Michel Rondeau

Publisher Info.:

Michel Rondeau

Copyright:

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 [tag/del]

Misc. Notes:

These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.

Purchase:

Javascript is required for this feature.

Javascript is required to submit files.

General Information

Work Title	Judas Maccabaeus, HWV 63
Alternative Title

Composer	Handel, George Frideric
Opus/Catalogue Number	HWV 63
Movements/Sections	3 acts Act I 1. Overture 2. Chorus: Mourn, ye afflicted children 3. Duet: From this dread scene (Israelitish Man, Israelitish Woman) 4. Chorus: For Sion lamentation make 5. Recitative: Not vain is all this storm of grief (Simon) 6. Aria: Pious orgies, pious airs (Simon) 7. Chorus: O Father, whose almighty pow'r 8. Recitative: I feel the Deity within (Simon) 9. Aria and Chorus: Arm, arm, ye brave (Simon) 10. Recitative: 'Tis well, my friends! (Judas Maccabaeus) 11. Aria and Chorus a. Aria: Call forth thy pow'rs, my soul (Judas Maccabaeus) b. Chorus: Lead on, lead on! 12. Recitative: To Heav'n's almighty King we kneel (Israelitish woman) 13. Air and Duet a. Air: O liberty, thou choicest treasure (Israelitish woman) b. Duet: Come ever-smiling liberty (Israelitish Woman, Israelitish Man) 14. Recitative: My zealous father, now at rest (Judas Maccabaeus) 15. Trio and Chorus: Disdainful of danger (Priest, Judas Maccabaeus, Simon; Israelitish Woman) 16. Recitative: Haste ye, my brethren (Simon) 17. Chorus: Hear us, O Lord Act II 18. Chorus: Fall'n is the foe 19. Duet and Chorus: Sion now her head shall raise (Israelitish Woman, Israelitish Man) 20. Recitative: Oh, let eternal honours (Israelitish Woman) 21. Aria: From mighty kings he took the spoil (Israelitish Woman) 22. Chorus: Hail, Judea, happy land 23. Recitative: Thanks to my brethren! (Judas Maccabaeus) 24. Aria: How vain is man (Judas Maccabaeus) 25. Recitative: Oh Judas, oh my brethren (Israelitish Messenger) 26. Aria and Chorus: Ah! wretched, wretched Israel (Israelitish Woman) 27. Recitative: My arms! (Judas Maccabaeus) 28. Aria and Chorus: Sound an alarm! (Judas Maccabaeus) 29. Recitative: Enough! To Heav'n we leave the rest! (Simon) 30. Chorus: We never will bow down Act III 31. Aria: Father of Heav'n (Priest) 32. Recitative: Oh grant it, Heav'n (Israelitish Woman) 33. Aria: So shall the lute and harp awake (Israelitish Woman) 34. Recitative: From Capharsalama on eagle wings I fly (Israelitish Messenger) 35. Chorus: See, the conqu'ring hero comes! 36. March 37. Chorus: Sing unto God 38. Recitative: Sweet flow the strains (Judas Maccabaeus) 39. Aria: No unhallowed desire (Judas Maccabaeus) 40. Duet: Oh lovely peace (Israelitish Woman, Israelitish Man) 41. Aria and Chorus: Rejoice, oh Judah! (Simon)
Year/Date of Composition	1746 (Act I: 8/9 July - 22 July; remainder completed 11 August)
First Performance	1747-04-01 in London, Covent Garden. Soli, Chorus and Orchestra, George Frideric Handel (conductor)
Librettist	Rev. Thomas Morell (1703-1784) from the 1st book of "Maccabees" from the Apocrypha and a few details from Josephus' "Antiquitates Judaicae". This work represents Morell's first collaboration with Handel.
Language	English
Piece Style	Baroque
Instrumentation	Vocal soloists Judas Maccabaeus (tenor) Simon, his Brother (bass) Israelitish Woman (soprano) Israelitish Man (mezzo-soprano) Eupolemus, the Jewish Ambassador to Rome (alto) First Messenger (alto) Second Messenger (bass) Chorus Israelites, Youths, Virgins Orchestra
External Links	Wikipedia article